ABSTRACT
Cytotoxic anti-tumor drugs are characterized by narrow therapeutic indexes, severe toxicity and great difference in the effects of individualized therapies, while studies of pharmacogenomics (PGx) can provide biomarkers for predicting the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. PGx biomarkers play an important role in predicting the safety, toxicity and effects of drugs in the treatment of tumors. By identifying specific polymorphisms of PGx biomarkers, physicians could select and customize medication regimens based on the patient's genetic profile. This review focuses on the germline PGx biomarkers that are currently used for guiding therapeutic decisions and have potential clinical application values, including thiopurine S-methyltransferase and thiopurine, NUDT15 and thiopurine, UGT1A1 and irinotecan, DPYD and fluorouracil, CYP2D6 and tamoxifen, and TPMP and cisplatin.
ABSTRACT
With the development of whole genome and transcrip-tome sequencing technologies, a growing body of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been i-dentified and is receiving increasing attention. LncRNAs and circRNAs are non-protein encoding transcripts whose functions are crucial for advancing our comprehensive understanding of bi-ological processes in human health and diseases, specifically tumor. And there is a close relationship between circRNAs and lncRNAs in their origin and function. In this paper, we have re-viewed the recent advances of lncRNAs and circRNAs in tumor by focusing on their relationships, which may help to distinguish them and identify tumor biomarkers further.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect absorbed bioactive compounds of the water extract whose pharmacodynamic effect was craniocerebral protection for quality control assessment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Anthraquinones in water extract of rhubarb (WER), in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in ipsilateral cortex of TBI rats following oral WER were respectively explored by ultra performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) method developed in the present study. The effects of anthraquinones absorbed into injured cortex on superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity in TBI rats were detected. The antioxidative anthraquinones absorbed into target organ were evaluated for quality control of WER.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Anthraquinones in WER were aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion. Only the last anthraquinone was found in CSF and in ipsilateral cortex under this chromatographic condition. Physcion increased SOD activity in TBI rats significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Physcion was the main active compound of rhubarb against craniocerebral injury via antioxidant pathway. According to our strategy, the exploration of physcion suggested the possibility of a novel quality control of WER in treating TBI injury.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Absorption , Anthraquinones , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Chemistry , Biological Products , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Chemistry , Brain Injuries , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Chromatography, Liquid , Methods , Emodin , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Limit of Detection , Linear Models , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Quality Control , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results , Rheum , Chemistry , Water , ChemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the distribution of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) like molecules and the bridge of frontier host defense and adaptive immune response cell of CD68 positive macrophages in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).@*METHODS@#Surgical specimens derived from involved areas and normal area of the colon with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were obtained from Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical Center. The distribution of SP-A like molecule in intestine of IBD was detected by immunohistochemistry.@*RESULTS@#SP-A like molecule located in epithelia of intestine, the surface of intestine villi, blood vessels of connective tissue, and some inflammatory cells. The number of macrophages with both SP-A like molecule and CD68 positive was dramatically increased in the inflammatory area than the normal area. Some CD68 positive macrophages expressed SP-A like immunoreactivity by immunofluorescence double labeling.@*CONCLUSION@#SP-A is an important host defense molecule in lung, and SP-A expression in large intestine may reflect a close relation between 2 organs in immune response towards inflammation.